The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - 655 Words

Anguish is conceived in love and death. William Shakespeare creates turmoil through his language in Romeo and Juliet. His tragedy shows how hate and love coincide with one another. Throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet’s passion for each other keeps them together, but eventually kills them both. Shakespeare creates the conflict through his language. His use of similes, metaphors, and verbal irony set the mood for his play. The way these components flow together create the atmosphere that made this misfortune legendary. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses similes often. For example, he uses a simile to show Lord Montague’s worry for Romeo. Montague goes on to say that Romeo is â€Å"So far from sounding and discovery/As is the bud bit with an envious worm/ Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air† (I.i.158-160). The simile in this scene is used to express how Romeo guards his emotions tightly, just as the bud of a flower holds itself tightly until it is com fortable enough to spread its leaves to the air. Furthermore, a simile is found when Romeo is describing love before the Capulet’s party. Due to his heartache from Rosaline, Romeo says, â€Å"Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like a thorn† (I.iv.25-26). Romeo is comparing love to a thorn because it is painful. Love teases you and can hurt your heart, just as the thorn of a rose hurts if you touch it. Lastly, when Romeo is sneaking around the Capulets’ party and spots Juliet,Show MoreRelatedThe tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1000 Words   |  4 Pages «The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet » written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). 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One tragic event will start a chain reaction that will lead to another tragic event. According to Matthew J. Bolton, Mercutio wasRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1081 Words   |  5 Pages It is truly a tragedy when two people, who are deeply in love, kill themselves; it is much worse when one of their closest counselors and confidants is to blame for their tragic ending. Friar Laurence is the most to blame for Romeo and Juliet’s death because he didn’t get parental consent to marry Romeo and Juliet, he lied to everyone about whether Juliet was dead or not, and he was the one who provided Juliet with the potion that eventually lead to the death of both young people. Read MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet1040 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet† was written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). The plot of this tragedy can be fantastic for modern people, but the feelings, which are so accurately and piercingly transmitted by the author, are real. â€Å"The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet† is the story of the really strong love of two young people from two different feuding families. Juliet Capulet and Romeo M ontague are two lovers who couldn’t live without each other. Only young, clean, unprejudiced people such asRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet1993 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare s The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, the Capulets selfishness and rage, Nurse s passiveness and moral abandonment, and Friar Lawrence s hastiness and insensitivity causes Romeo and Juliet s alienation and desperation, showing the link between a lack of sensible guidance and rash decisions. Lord and Lady Capulet s explosive anger and selfishness alienate Juliet, teaching how a lack of sensible guidance leads to impetuous choices. Before the Capulet party, Lady Capulet asks Juliet, How standsRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet543 Words   |  2 Pages ‘’For never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo’’ – William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers and their lives are cut short by death. Are family wishes hazardous, or is it deadly to have flaws? Is the victim at fault here? In the play, Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare provides several of actions and influences that caused Juliet’s tragedy. The death of Juliet can be blamed on multiple factors. It is clear that she is partiallyRead MoreRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance791 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet, Tragedy or Romance? What determines what a true love story is? Many events in Romeo and Juliet make the audience question whether or not they are truly in love or are just blinded by a false or not true version of a not so deep feeling. Romeo and Juliet is a famous love story but it stands out compared to other love stories. Romeo and Juliet continue to be a true love story to this day. They are married at a young age and differentiate from other love stories, it’s still consideredRead MoreRomeo and Juliet as a Tragedy Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet as a Tragedy Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, which was written by William Shakespeare in 1599. The Elizabethans totally believed in fate, they believed that your destiny was fated. They also believed that fate was fickle, it could change, one day everything would be good and the next day things could be really bad. If you challenged fate, it would take up the challenge. If it wasn’t fate there are many more things which could have caused the tragedy;Read MoreThe Blame For The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet1074 Words   |  5 PagesRucha Dave Bergamotto Academic English I: 2A 21 April 2015 The Blame for the Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet In spite of the fact that William Shakespeare continuously alludes to the idea that fate dooms Romeo and Juliet, the theory yet remains doubtful. Some perceive the duo as â€Å"star crossed† lovers, whereas others believe that the actions and traits of those associated with the pair cause the unfortunate ending of the play( I, i, 6). Friar Lawrence in particular, exists as a figure whom the coupleRead MoreThe True Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet819 Words   |  3 Pagesadults with worldly experience direct us down the path of good judgment in order that we may learn how to make good decisions. They near essential to us, even though not everyone has this advantage. William Shakespeare’s famous and celebrated tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, depicts several instances in which the title characters, though still naà ¯ve, behave more responsibly and maturely than the misguided adult figures in their lives–those of the Houses of Capulet and Montague, especially Juliet’s parents, and

Andrea Castle v. Sage Direct Marketing Pty Ltd.

Question: Describe about Andrea Castle who was an employee with Sage Direct Marketing Pty Ltd. Answer: Andrea Castle was an employee with Sage Direct Marketing Pty Ltd. She was employed under an Enterprise Agreement. The enterprise agreements are the collective agreements that are made between employers and employees about the terms of the conditions of employment (Freedland, et al 2016). The Fair works commission approve the process of the enterprise agreements that are made. They also assess the terms of the contractual agreement. She witnesses a robbery in action in a social gathering. She sent out an email to the employees to stay safe and that she saw a colored arm reaching for a purse. The use of the term colored arm and sending out a personal correspondence using the office email was the reasons for her being fired from the job. The email policy of the company states that the emails sent by the employees should be based only for the business purpose and the content of the email should not be offensive to others. The use of the colored arm description was deemed to be offensive by the managers. The company states that she had violated the internal email policy and the terms of the enterprise agreement. Andrea was to sue the company was wrongful termination. She cites that she had posted the email for the welfare of the people and posted information that was what she had witnessed during the course of the robbery. Owing to this the action of the company was deemed unfair by Andrea. This is the reason for he r to consider seeking unlawful termination. The purpose of this analysis is to analyze the validity of Andreas claim by using common law action and Fair Work Act 2009. In the initial section there will be discussion of the actual terms of the common law action and Fair Work Act 2009 Terms of common law action and Fair Work Act 2009 In Australia, the employees and the company are bound by a common law contract or modern aware or enterprise agreement along with National Employment standards (Poole, 2016). When discussing about the issues of the employment law it is important to first understand the structure of the employment law in Australia. Statute and Common law. Statute law is the law that is created by the parliament. Common law is the rules that has been determined by the judges. The courts follow the mandates and the precedence of the previous cases. From the perspective of implementation, the parliament takes precedence. The courts interpret the laws and also the ambiguities based on the specific terms of the case. Employment law operates in the basic employment relationship that involves common law contract that has been regulated by the statute. Fair Work Act 2009: Unfair dismissal Unfair dismissal is when the employees are dismissed from the job in a harsh or unreasonable manners. Fair Work would analyze the claim if it was harsh or unjust and is the case was not a case of genuine redundancy. They would also look into the grounds for dismissal of the employee. The clauses that are considered if a particular case was harsh or unjust is based on the reason given by the company. The Fair Work commission will analyze if the action of the employee and the conduct (Freedland et al., 2016). The people who can apply for unfair dismissal are the people who have worked for the minimum employment period of one year and the people who have been forced to resign from their jobs. The eligible employees should be covered by the terms of the registered agreement and have an annual earnings of more than $138900. The employees have to apply within 21 days. The company that dismisses the employee should also prove redundancy. The redundancy occurs when the employer shows that they no longer need the work done by the employee. The employee redundancy needs to be proved. The issue with the Fair Work Act is that the dismissal claim cannot be resolves between the parties. The factors for determination if a case was fair or unfair is not clear (Freedland et al., 2016). The factors that are considered by the Fair Work Act is if the reason for dismissal was valid, if the person was notified of the reason, if the person was given opportunity to respond to a particular allegation, unreasonable refusal by the employer to have a person present, the factors that contributed towards unsatisfactory performance and the degree in which the employee were affected by the action of the dismissed employee and the impact of the dismissal on the company. The employee reason given to respond will be analyzed. The employed person should have a support person during the course of the dismissal. Previous warning to the employee will be analyzed. The history of conduct of the employee would be in purview. This has been detailed in Section 387 (Freedland et al., 2016). The re medies are either reinstatement or compensation by the company. Again this is based on the facts of the individual case. The legislative minimum rights of the employee are governed by the enterprise agreement or the modern awards and the common law contract along with the implied employment term. Legislative minimum rights Certain right and entitlements are created by the parliament to protect all the employees. and their rights. For example, the right to leave is mandated by the National employment service which is a part of the Fair Work Act 2009. The Fair Work act also discusses about the right to belong in unions or protect employees against discrimination. Added to this the federal and the state laws mandates the ways in which it can provide remedies for unfair dismissal. Enterprise agreement/modern awards provide detailed protections and regulations based on the specific industries and occupations. Enterprise agreements in general are the business specific agreements that is made by the groups of employees and their employer. The enterprise agreement is a contractual agreement that is approved by the Fair Work commission. Common law contracts are the basic relationship that exists between the employer and the employee in a civil contract. In this the employee agrees to work for the employer for exchange of payment. The employment contract is similar to the civil contract. The terms of the employment contract are based on each subjective cases. But according to the law they need to follow the legislative minimum rights and the modern aware or enterprise agreement. The courts will uphold the contract when the parties have willingly agreed to the terms of the signed contract. Another tricky aspect to the courts is the implied terms of the contractual agreement (Susskind, 2013). Implied terms are the reasonable notice of termination between the employee. The implied duty of mutual trust and confidence is considered in this analysis. The implied duty of trust and confidence is that the employee should work in good faith efforts and not in the manner of termination. Modern companies need to be registered after the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009. These statutory requirements regulate the rules regarding employment. The employee and employer relationship are bound by the common law contractual requirements. The enterprise agreement has precedence over the common law contractual terms. All these terms form a part of the agreement. Analysis of the case According to the Fair Work 2009 act, the company that choses to dismiss an employee should ensure that there is redundancy by the employee. But this was not the case. The employee was fired for sending one email. She was not disciplined rather was dismissed. In the case of Anderson v Thiess Pty Ltd[2014] FWC 6568, Mr. Anderson was summarily dismissed for sending a work email that was offensive to the people belonging to the Muslim faith. In spite of the case being offensive and against the policy of Thiess Anderson was awarded compensation (Legg, 2014) . The dismissal was considered to be harsh because of only the previous verbal warning given to Anderson. He was above the age of 65 and he would have difficulty obtaining other employment. The Thiess also did not give Anderson enough time to accept the contents of the email or apologize to the people for offending them (Legg, 2014) . Based on this case, it can be argued that Andrea was not given any form of warning by the company. Under the clause of the Fair Work she should have been given some place to voice her opinion instead of firing her (McKendrick, 2014). She was not given the opportunity to express or take back the email. The company did not find any issues with the work conduct of Andrea. It can be argued that the company based on the case of Anderson that they should have given her some other means of disciplining instead of dismissing her. The redundancy aspect was also not addressed by the company to prove that her firing would not cause the company any considerable losses. In Wise v Mildura Aboriginal Corporation, the applicant lodged a complaint for unfair dismissal. The employment was terminated after the employer did a police check that determined the applicant was charged with possession of ecstasy and unlawful possession of explosives in 2012. But the conduct in question was minor hence the courts let him go with a small fine of 350$ (Moran and Mallman, 2015). The courts explained that the dismissal were harsh and unjust. The reason given by the courts is that the conduct of the employee was not so serious to repudiate the damage of the company. Andrea can argue using this fact that there was no damage done to the reputation of the company by sending out the email. She had only merely stated the events to protect other employees. There was no indication that she wanted to act in malice against the colored people or anyone in particular (Southey and Southey, 2016). She can use this argument to cite the reason for unfair dismissal. She could argue t hat her conduct did not breach any violations or cause the company any reputable or tangible damage. In the case of OKeefe v The Good Guys (2011), Good Guy company fired OKeefe because he had made derogatory comments on Facebook page about one of his colleagues and the company in general. He was dismissed from the company owing to the actions. OKeefe filed an unfair dismissal but the Fair Work Act deemed the dismissal to be unreasonable because he had posted the particular comment outside working hours and not used any names in the post. It was considered by the courts that the actions of the employee were to demean the company and the reputation of the company (Wilson, 2016). Hence it was determined to be a fair ground for dismissal by the company. The company can argue that the comments about the colored hand were abusive to some of the employees and that would be perceived as discrimination by these employees. Similarly, in the case of Serafini v Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd (2011), the truck driver posted traffic accidents while driving and posted the pictures on You tube and his social media page. Shortly after he was fired for posting pics during the work hours (Wilson, 2016). The Fair Work deemed the dismissal to be valid. Since he was not working according to the prescribed mandates and posting on social media instead. Using this case, the company can state that Andrea was not working during the working hours instead she was posting unrelated content that was not towards the business purpose of the company. Citing this they can say that she was not working the companys work during this time instead was sending out emails with agenda. Deductions from this analysis The courts usually consider the intent and the complete reason behind firing of the employees in each of these cases. It is difficult to understand the precedence of the courts as the courts have ruled in many ways in the past cases. Certain common factors can be understood in these cases. In these cases, the intent of the employees is considered by the courts. The look at the reason behind the employees making a particular action. In Andreas case this factors that would work in her favor are the fact that she wanted to help the employees, there was no malice intended, she did not cause the reputation of the company to be affected as she was only citing the evidence she had witnessed and most importantly she was not given any opportunity to explain a stance. These factors could be argued as the factors that contributed towards the unfair dismissal of the employees. The company also did not show the ways in which she was redundant or her action had caused the company any considerable loss. The company wanted to maintain an appearance owing to which she was fired. But she had signed the contract and agreed to follow the mandates of the email policy. The contract law usually is considered when there is a contract that is signed between willing adults. She was also using company official mail for purpose other than business during working hours. The contract also claimed that the terms are bound to change. The terms related to determination of what is right and unfair is not very clear in the implementation of the Fair work act by the cases. These causes obscurity in the ways of implementation of the Act (Stewart, 2012.). The most important factor that would aid in the case of Andrea was that she was not given an opportunity to present her case and her intent would be considered by the Fair Work Act while making the determination. Conclusion Andrea Castle was fired for sending out an email warning the employees to be careful from a colored hand. She wants to file a suit for unfair dismissal. Common contract law is the ultimate law that is considered in the cases of the employee employer relationship. Apart from this she had sent an email during working hours that was not related to the business aspects of the company. These factors could work against Andrea. However, the Fair Work Act 2009 was implemented to protect the rights of the employees. Andrea can argue that she was not given any space to voice her opinion or take back the email that she had sent to the employee. She did not have any support system when this dismissal occurred. Andrea dismissal was not proved under redundancy clause. There have been previous cases where the Fair Work has considered reinstatement of the employee or providing the employer with a certain penalty for firing under unfair clauses that was harsh. The courts look into the subjective natu re of the cases and make determination. It has been considered in this analysis after weighing in on the positives and the negatives of the case that Andrea has a strong case to present to the courts. Reference: Freedland, M., Bogg, A., Cabrelli, D., Collins, H., Countouris, N., Davies, A.C.L., Deakin, S. and Prassl, J. eds., 2016.The Contract of Employment. Oxford University Press. Legg, M., 2014. Class action settlements in Australia-the need for greater scrutiny.Melb. UL Rev.,38, p.590. McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Moran, A. and Mallman, M., 2015. Understanding Social Cohesion in Shepparton and Mildura: Literature. Poole, J., 2016.Textbook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Southey, K. and Southey, K., 2016. To fight, sabotage or steal: are all forms of employee misbehaviour created equal?.International Journal of Manpower,37(6), pp.1067-1084. Stewart, A., 2012. Australian labour law in transition: The impact of the fair work act.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),37(1), p.3. Susskind, A., 2013. Unfair dismissal benchbook.Law Society Journal: the official journal of the Law Society of New South Wales,51(11), p.24. Wilson, J., 2016. Employment law: A balancing act: Effective management of workplace disrepute by employees.Ethos: Official Publication of the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory, (239), p.38.

Provide a Feminist Reading of Two Slasher Films. How Far Do You Consider Them Empowering to Women Viewers Essay Example

Provide a Feminist Reading of Two Slasher Films. How Far Do You Consider Them Empowering to Women Viewers Essay Provide a Feminist Reading of Two Slasher Films. How Far Do You Consider Them Provide a feminist reading of two slasher films. How far do you consider them empowering to women viewers? In this essay, the extent to which slasher films are empowering to women viewers will be assessed with a feminist reading of two movies; Friday the Thirteenth VI: Jason Lives (1986) and I know what you did last summer (1997). First, the notions of feminism and slasher movies will be explained. This will be followed by an analysis of the two movies.Feminism is the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state (Cambridge Online Dictionary, 2013). The feminist movement can be roughly broken down into three waves. The first wave began in the U. S. and the U. K. and developed during the 19th and early 20th century. It requested the official inequalities to be changed (right to vote, education, health care, etc. ).The second wave was really developed after the seventies and focused on the more unofficial inequalities. The third wave started after 1980. It fought against stereotypes and media portrayals of women and was also a critique of the second wave. The feminist reading of these two slasher films would therefore be a third wave feminist reading because it is this wave that focused on women’s image in the media. Slasher film is a sub-genre of horror film. It can be distinguished from other horror film genres by a number of features.Typically it involves a male serial killer that stalks his victims and then kills them, generally with a cutting object. Very often, at the end of the movie, he is defeated by the ‘final girl’. The location, the villain, the victims, the weapons used and the final girl have a set of characteristics that help to differentiate slashers from other horror movie types. The villain is generally male and has been the victim of earlier crime. The location is very often an isolated one where it is impossible to contact the police.Very often it is a lakeside camp, a suburban estate, a small town or somewhere in a wild countryside. The weapons used are cutting objects such as knives, ice picks, pokers and so forth, which means the killer has to be close to his victims and penetrate them with the weapon in order to kill them. Gun is never a weapon. The victims are numerous and mostly females who are sexual transgressors. The killer never missed them. The final girl is the hero of slasher films. She is clever and a bit of a tomboy.She knows about the murders and understands the extent of the threat; however she is not listened to. The two movies analyzed are teen-oriented slasher films. Teen-orientated slayers originated in the 1980s and were very big during the following ten years (Wee, 2005). Friday the Thirteenth VI: Jason Lives (1986) is the sixth film of the American film series Friday the Thirt eenth. It was directed by Tom McLoughin. In this movie, the villain Jason Voorhees is back in the town of Forest Green and kills as many people as he can.Tommy Jarvis and Megan Garris the final girl and sherriffs daughter are the two other main characters. Together they try to find Jason and destroy him. Unlike many slashers’ final girl, Megan is not boyish. Clover explained that the final girl is â€Å"by any measure the slasher film’s hero† (1987, p. 79)   and her boyishness â€Å"proceeds from the need to bring her in line with the epic laws of Western narrative tradition – the very unanimity of which bears witness to the historical importance, in popular culture, of the literal representation of heroism in male form†.In other words, the hero can be a girl as long as she is not fully woman and is a bit of a boy. Men and films conventional narrative will not be threatened because the final girls heroism can be attributed to her masculine side . However in Friday the Thirteenth VI: Jason Lives, Megan is not boyish and on the contrary very girly indeed: she puts make-up on, wears jewelry, tight jeans and feminine clothing. Thus, in this movie, Megan is fully feminine and powerful at the same time.When women viewers identify with Megan, it is empowering to them because her heroism is not seen as the consequence of her masculinity. Megan is adventurous, she threatens her dad’s police officer colleague with a gun to let out Tommy from the cell, she is not scared of Tommy although her dad told him he was insane, she goes to the lakeside camp with the purpose to kill Jason, she argues back with her father, drives her car at very high speed to escape police forces and even saves Tommy who was unconscious in the lake. These courageous and risky acts can be seen as being typically male.Clover’s feminist view is that, in slashers, those behaviors maintain dominant gender paradigms that is attitudes indicating degree of maleness or femaleness because the final girl just tries to mimic men (Clover, 1987). However, Wells’ reply to this statement seems far more true and believable. He argues that â€Å"These (final girls) are not quasi-men†¦They often distinguish themselves by not merely rejecting the established tenets of masculine behavior, but enhance their credentials as modern post-feminist women by moving beyond both the traditional/psychoanalytic orientations. † (Wells, 2007, p. 9). If we accept Wells argument, Megan is not mimicking supposedly typical male behaviors and women are seen as being brave and risky. When the female audience identify with Megan, they feel women (and thus them) are capable of such courageous actions and it is empowering to them. Unfortunately, Megan is not the only girl the female audience members can identify with. There are other women in the film and they all died helplessly, without even fighting back against Jason. Megan’s two girlfr iends, Sissy and Paula, are both murdered, the first decapitated and the second ripped apart.Williams wrote about the female viewer when she is faced to a slasher. According to him, â€Å"whenever the movie screen holds a particularly effective image of terror†¦ she is often asked to bear witness to her own powerlessness in the face of rape, mutilation and murder† (2002, p. 61). As Williams’ quote suggests, the murders of those women give the female audience a feeling of powerlessness and thus, disempowerment. If the women who watch Jason lives relate to Sissy, Paula or the other female victims, they would feel disempowered.As explained in the previous paragraphs, identification to the final girl is empowering while identification to the other female characters is disempowering. In order, to understand how far this slasher movie is empowering to women, it is essential to know who they identify with the most. One way of finding out comes from Clover ‘s explan ation of the role of the camerawork in the identification with the characters (1987, p. 79). At the beginning of slasher films, the I-camera – which represents someone’s point of view – is the killer’s point of view.However, as the story unfolds, the point of view becomes the final girl’s. Clover explains that â€Å"We are in the closest with her, watching her as the killer breaks through the window and grabs at her; in the car with her as the killer stabs through the convertible top, and so on†¦ We belong in the end to the Final Girl; there is no alternative†. In fact in Friday the Thirteenth VI: Jason Lives, the point of view is first Jason’s and then Megan’s. Seeing through Megan’s eyes makes the female audience identify more with her than with the other girls.Another factor contributing to womens identification with Megan – and thus empowerment is the fact that she is one of the main characters (along wi th Tommy and Jason) and she is â€Å"the only character to be developed in any psychological detail† (Clover, 1987, p. 79). Megan appears often, we see her from the beginning and a lot of attention is paid to her. The audience gets to know and to relate more to her than the other underdeveloped female characters. From this analysis, it can be concluded that Jason lives is empowering to female viewers. The second text analyzed is I know what you did last summer (1997).When the movie was released it was a triumph at the box office and now it is one of the most famous slashers. The story is about four friends, Helen, Julie, Barry and Ray, who are being pursued by a killer. As in many slasher movies the killers identity is unknown. The audience can only see an individual wearing a fisherman rain coat and a hat. It is only at the end of the movie that the killers identity is revealed: a psychopathic fisherman named Ben Willis that the foursome ran over with a car and dumped in the sea at the very beginning of the film.In the very last scene, when everything seems to be fine and Willis is allegedly dead, Julie is about to take a shower and suddenly Willis jumps out of nowhere. The four characters are given an almost equal attention in the movie, although the two girls, especially Julie, are given slightly more attention. It is easy to guess that Julie is the final girl: she is given more importance than the other characters, she appears much prominently than her three friends on the DVD cover, she is a bit boyish and possibly survives at the end.In terms of powerfulness, Julie is not very different from the other female characters such as Helen or Helens sister. She is not seen as a heroin neither because she does not perform any heroic acts. Ray and Barry are perceived as more powerful and heroic than their two girl friends. For instance, Willis tries to kill Barry by running him over with a car. Barry does not die, making him the only survivor of Willis att acks and somehow a hero. At the end, Ray and Julie end up on Willis boat and as Julie is about to be kill, Willis hand is caught in a rope.Ray then lift the rope, Willis hand is cut off and he fells in the ocean. Ray is Julies savior, which is another instance of the powerfulness of Ray and Barry. Despite that, the two girls are still seen as powerful by viewers as they are positively portrayed. They try to fight back against Willis. Helen almost escapes from him when she valiantly jumped out a window into a dumpster. They also investigate about the man they thought theyd killed by visiting his sister twice. Two other men are also killed, Max an acquaintance of the four friends and a police officer.Unlike the girls who manage to resist for quite a long time, they are murdered very easily. The female audience identify with Julie and Helen as they are the only important female characters. As Ray and Barry are more powerful and Max and the officer are less powerful than the two girls , it seems clear that women and mens power is equal. The question remains if this movie is empowering to women viewers. The answer is positive; Julie and Helen might not be the most powerful characters when fighting against Willis but they are still seen as powerful.Additionally, we can look at the killer and the victims of both movies to attempt to answer this essays question. In these two movies, the killer is the most powerful character. In fact, Jason Voorhees and Ben Willis murder an impressive number of people with incredible ease. Furthermore, they are not completely defeated in the end; Jason is attached to a rock at the bottom of a lake but he is still alive and Willis who had supposedly drown attacked Julie in the very last scene. The fact is that in slasher films, the powerful villain is almost always a male.This could be empowering to the male audience but I would argue that it does not disempower female spectators; they can identify with the final girl who is also power ful. A closer look at the victims allows to deduce that men are not more high-powered than women: they are both helpless when faced to the killer and they both die in comparable horrendous ways. It could even be argued that the numbers of victims is empowering to women; eight men and four women in Jason lives, four men and two women in I know what you did last summer.In this essay, two slasher movies where analyzed in order to understand how empowering they were to female spectators. From a close analysis of Jason lives, it was deduced that the movie is empowering to the female audience members. The final girl is powerful; firstly, as she is very feminine, her heroism is attributed to her and not to some masculine propensity and secondly, as Wells explained, her courageous actions are really hers and not masculine attitudes (2007, p. 19).As females, women viewers identify with women characters; thus, either with the powerful final girl or with the helpless female victims. As Megan r eceives a lot of attention and the audience sees through her eyes (I-camera), they are much more likely to identify with her. This, in turn, is empowering to them. The second movie was also empowering to women but in a lesser extent; Julie and Helen were brave but not the bravest. In both movie, the male killer was the most powerful character but women were still seen as courageous and brave.The number of victims could also empower women; in fact more men are killed. Earlier in this essay, the three feminist waves were explained. First and second wave feminism would consider the two movies to be empowering to women; the first-wave because they are officially equal and the second wave because they are unofficially equal too. The third-wave feminists are concerned about media portrayals of women. They would probably also find the movies empowering to women viewers as women are positively portrayed and

Beginning Psychology Essay

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ACM ICPC Regional Problem Siti Nazihah Binti Sarpin (L) Nurul Aini Binti Mohd Hisan Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Problem Description Problem Statistics Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Reason to Choose This Problem Preliminary Analysis Mathematical Modeling Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Test Case 2 (New input and output) Possible Algorithm Design Technique Brute Force Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks References Introduction Problem Description Bessie has gone on a trip, and she’s riding a roller coaster! Bessie really likes riding the roller coaster, but unfortunately she often gets dizzy. The roller coaster has a number of distinct sections that Bessie rides in order. At the beginning of the ride, Bessies dizziness and fun levels are both at 0. For each section of the roller coaster, Bessie can either keep her eyes open or keep them closed (and must keep them that way for the whole section). If she keeps her eyes open for a section, her total fun increases by a Fun factor for that section, and her dizziness increases by a Dizziness factor for that section. However, if she keeps her eyes closed for the section, her total fun will not change, but her dizziness will decrease by a value that’s constant for the entire roller coaster. (Note that her dizziness can never go below 0.) If, at any point, Bessies dizziness is above a certain limit, Bessie will get sick. Write a program to find the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have without getting sick. Input There will be several test cases in the input. Each test case will begin with a line with three integers: N K L Where N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1,000) is the number of sections in this particular roller coaster, K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500) is the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will go down if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride, and L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000) is the limit of dizziness that Bessie can tolerate – if her dizziness ever becomes larger than L, Bessie will get sick, and that’s not fun! Each of the next N lines will describe a section of the roller coaster, and will have two integers: F D Where F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20) is the increase to Bessie’s total fun that she’ll get if she keeps her eyes open on that section, and D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500) is the increase to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The sections will be listed in order. The input will end with a line with three 0s. Output For each test case, output a single integer, representing the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Print each integer on its own line with no spaces. Do not print any blank lines between answers. Sample Input 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 10 5 1 20 2 12 4 3 3 10 6 20 3 19 9 19 7 1 500 15 5 4 2 0 0 0 Sample Output 7 0 Problem Statistics According to ACM-ICPC archive website, the total submission of this problem is 2226. There are 183 users have solved this problem while 246 users that tried this problem (last update on 10 Dec 2014). This problem can be found at https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871. Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Region: ACM ICPC Regionals 2010 North America Southeast USA Year: 2010 Problem: H, 4870 – Roller Coaster [4.500 seconds] Link:https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871 Source Code: https://github.com/depstein/programming-competitions/blob/master/problems/04-10-14%20intro/4870%20(Roller%20Coaster)/rollercoaster.java Programmer: N/A. Reason to Choose This Problem This problem is chosen to fulfill a requirement of CSC750, Advance Algorithm and Analysis that needed the problem that can be solved using Dynamic Programming. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem which require us to find the maximum amount of fun can Bessie have without making her sick. Preliminary Analysis This problem is to obtain the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick, in which case without exceeding her dizziness limit. The constraints of the problem include: The roller coaster has a distinct number of sections that Bessie rides in order. Bessie’s fun and dizziness levels are both at 0 at the beginning of the ride. For each section, Bessie has two options either to keeps her eyes open or close and she must keep them that way for the whole section. At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes open, her total dizziness increases by a dizziness factor and her total fun also increases by a fun factor. * At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes closed, her total dizziness will be subtracted by a value that is constant for the entire roller coaster, but her total fun is maintain. * Bessie’s dizziness can never go below 0. Bessie will get sick if her dizziness is above a given limit. * * Tricky constraint. The parameters for this problem are listed as below: N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1000), the number of sections in a particular roller coaster. K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500), the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000), limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20), the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500), the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. 000, the c fixed command line for stopping the test cases. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem. This is due to the same properties this problem had as with a Knapsack problem in which it contains; a set of items where each item consists of weight and value, the total weight must be less than or equal to the given limit, and a maximum total value (in which case it must consider the given limit of the sack can carry) [1]. Thus, for this Roller Coaster problem, the properties listed below have adapted the knapsack solution: The item in this problem consists of Bessie’s dizziness level (weight) and fun level (value). Her dizziness is how much she can carries in her sack (total weight of the items she carries in the sack). Her fun is what she would like to maximize (total value of the items she carries). Now, we want to get the maximum total fun she could have without making her too dizzy (maximum total fun = maximum total value in her sack) (limit of dizziness = weight limit for the sack). Furthermore, this problem is tied with another tricky constraints in which it affected the dizziness level and fun level at each distinct section, in which case Bessie has two options either to open or close her eyes during riding that roller coaster (in Knapsack problem, whether an item is in the sack or not). If she keeps her eyes open, both dizziness and fun level will increase. Meanwhile, if she keeps her eyes close, her fun level will remain the same as with the previous section, but her dizziness level will increase. In conjunction with these tricky constraints, it can be broken down into many sub-problems [2], hence the Knapsack solution to this problem does not have to perform backtracking or recursion. This is because the previously solved sub-problems are stored in tables and can be used again instead of re-computing the solution each time [2]. In summary, this Knapsack problem is more suitable if it is solve by using Dynamic Programming technique compare with brute force algorithm. Mathematical Modeling Input: The number of sections in a particular roller coaster. The amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. The limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. The increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The fixed command line for stopping the test cases. Output: The maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Let, the number of sections in a particular roller coaster = N, where N ≠¥ 1 and N ≠¤ 1000, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride = K, where K ≠¥ 1 and K ≠¤ 500, the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand = L, where L ≠¥ 1 and L ≠¤ 300000, the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section = F, where F ≠¥ 1 and F ≠¤ 20, the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section = D, where D ≠¥ 1 and D ≠¤ 500, and the fixed command line for stopping the test cases = 000. To mathematically model this problem, it uses array tables to obtain the maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick [4]. It is important to make sure total dizziness (DTotal) can never go below zero and must not exceed the given limit. Hence, DTotal ≠¥ 0 and DTotal ≠¤ L. Moreover, depending on Bessie’s eyes’ condition (either open or close), it will affect each of the total fun and total dizziness. Hence, FOpen = F + F[fun at nth section], DOpen = D + D[dizzy at nth section], FClose = F[fun at nth section], DClose = D[dizzy at nth section] K, where FOpen, DOpen, FClose, DClose N. Thus a solution for the problem is to find the minimum dizziness Bessie could have with the maximum fun [4]. DP[N][F] is the minimum dizziness Bessie can have, with fun = F. DP[N][F] = max(DP[N 1][F (fun at the nth section)] + (dizziness at the nth section), DP[N 1][F] K). First table is to store the section’s number [N] and the other one is to store the total fun [F]. Note that both initial arrays of fun and dizziness level are set to 0.The track of the roller coaster must pass all section meaning to move to the next section both table will become [N-1] [F Fun[N]]. By using those tables, for each section, we can obtain the maximum fun Bessie can have. When move to the next section, it just retrieves the previously stored result in order to get the new result for the new section. Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Sample input Sample output 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 7 Table 1 Sample input and output of test case 1 Table 2 illustrates the optimal solution for test case 1 from the sample input given by the Roller Coaster problem. This roller coaster track has a total of 3 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 1, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 2. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 7 and her dizziness is 2. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes open in section 1 and 3, and close her eyes in section 2. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 2Optimal solution for test case 1 from sample input Roller Coaster problem Test Case 2 (New input and output) Input Output 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 8 2 6 1 12 5 18 2 12 3 10 4 15 2 16 5 10 3 6 1 80 Table 3 input and output from test case 2 This roller coaster track has a total of 12 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 3, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 8. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 80 and her dizziness is 6. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes close in section 2 5, 8 and 10, and open her eyes in other sections. Meanwhile, Table 4 shows how the solution is achieved. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 5 4 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 4 = 4 Close Section 2 3 2 5 4 3 = 1 Open Section 3 8 2 5 + 8 = 13 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 4 6 1 13 + 6 = 19 3 + 1 = 4 Close Section 5 12 5 19 4 – 3 = 1 Open Section 6 18 2 19 + 18 = 37 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 7 12 3 37 + 12 = 49 3 + 3 = 6 Close Section 8 10 4 49 6 – 3 = 3 Open Section 9 15 2 49 + 15 = 64 3 + 2 = 5 Close Section 10 16 5 64 5 – 3 = 2 Open Section 11 10 3 64 + 10 = 74 2 + 3 = 5 Open Section 12 6 1 74 + 6 = 80 5 + 1 = 6 Table 4: An example of input for Roller Coaster problem Possible Algorithm Design Technique Roller coaster problem can be solved using brute force technique or dynamic programming. There is no doubt that this problem can be solved using brute force and it can produce the correct output but it will caused an exponential time to the program. Therefore, Dynamic Programming is the better approach to solve Roller Coaster problem. Brute Force Brute force technique is not recommended to solve this problem because it will result in an exponential solution [3] as we have to modify the condition (either Bessie’s eyes open or close) and compare each result every time in order to obtain the optimal solution. In addition, if the number of test cases is getting bigger, it is quite impossible to get a short period of time taken as to calculate every sub-problem. Since there is no limit on the test case, user can state their input as much as they want. Let’s take sample test case 1 as an example shown in Table 1. 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 N = 3, K = 1, and L = 2. 2 1, 3 1, and 5 2 F = 2, 3, 5 and D = 1, 1. Table 5: Sample test case 1 from the Roller Coaster problem Brute force algorithm will test all the possibilities of Bessie’s eyes condition, either she had her eyes opened or closed. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 5 = 10 3 + 2 = 5 Table 6: First condition The first condition fails because Bessie’s dizziness level exceeds her limit even though she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 3 5 2 3 + 5 = 8 1 + 2 = 3 Table 7: Second condition The second condition also fails because her dizziness level exceeds her limit. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 8: Third condition The third condition is a success because of her dizziness level does not exceed her limit and she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 1 = 2 Close Section 3 5 2 5 2 – 1 = 1 Table 9: Fourth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but the fun she got is not much. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Open Section 3 5 2 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 2 = 2 Table 10: Fifth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Close Section 3 5 2 2 0 Table 11: Sixth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 3 5 2 3 1 – 1 = 0 Table 12: Seventh condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Close Section 3 5 2 0 0 Table 13: Eighth condition This condition fails because Bessie’s does not have fun at all. Therefore, Table 8 which illustrates the third condition is the most optimal solution where it satisfies as the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick. Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks The key idea to solve this problem is by adapting the Knapsack solution in which total amount of dizziness as the total weight she carries in her sack without exceeding the given limit and maximum fun as the maximum total value carries in that sack. To obtain the most optimal solution, we have to select the most maximum of total fun. However, in selecting the maximum total fun, we need to consider the total amount of dizziness because if it exceeds the limit, Bessie will get sick and thus we should avoid it. References [1] Knapsack Problem, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem [2] Slide #4 in Dynamic Programming 1, CSC752 Advanced Algorithms Analysis, Syed Ahmad Aljunid. [3] Brute Force Search, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_search [4] Southeast Regionals 2010 – Solutions, https://sites.google.com/site/ubcprogrammingteam/news